Manufacturing Industries – Class 10 Notes & Worksheet

Class 10 · Contemporary India – II · Chapter 6

Manufacturing Industries

Complete Notes + Answers + Worksheet

📌 What is Manufacturing?

Core Definition

Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products. Example: wood → paper, iron ore → iron & steel, sugarcane → sugar, bauxite → aluminium.

People employed in secondary activities manufacture primary materials into finished goods (factory workers, mill workers, etc.).

⭐ Importance of Manufacturing

Modernises agriculture & reduces dependence on farm income by creating secondary/tertiary sector jobs.

Eradicates unemployment & poverty; reduces regional disparities by setting up industries in backward areas.

Export of manufactured goods earns valuable foreign exchange & expands trade.

Countries that convert raw materials into finished goods of higher value are more prosperous.

Key idea: Agriculture and industry go hand in hand — agro-industries boost farm productivity; farms supply raw materials to industries.

🗂️ Classification of Industries

Basis	Types	Examples
Raw Materials	Agro-based	Cotton, jute, silk, sugar, edible oil, tea, coffee
	Mineral-based	Iron & steel, cement, aluminium, petrochemicals
Main Role	Basic/Key	Iron & steel, copper smelting (supply raw materials to other industries)
	Consumer	Sugar, toothpaste, fans, sewing machines
Capital Investment	Small Scale	Max investment: ₹1 crore on assets
Ownership	Public	BHEL, SAIL
	Private	TISCO, Bajaj Auto, Dabur
	Joint	Oil India Ltd. (OIL)
	Cooperative	Sugar (Maharashtra), Coir (Kerala)
Bulk & Weight	Heavy	Iron & steel, shipbuilding
	Light	Electrical goods, watches, electric bulbs

🏭 Key Industries – At a Glance

Textile Value Chain (Fig. 6.1):

Fibre Production / Raw Fibre

→

Spinning → Yarn

→

Weaving / Knitting → Fabric

→

Dyeing & Finishing

→

Garment Manufacture

🧵 Cotton Textile

Only industry self-reliant across entire value chain.
Earliest concentration: Maharashtra & Gujarat (raw cotton belt)
Spinning: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu
Weaving: decentralised; handloom, powerloom, mills
1st mill: Mumbai, 1854
Khadi → cottage industry employment

🌿 Jute Textile

India = largest producer; 2nd exporter after Bangladesh
Most mills: West Bengal (Hugli river belt)
1st jute mill: Rishra, near Kolkata, 1855
Post-1947: jute lands went to Bangladesh; mills stayed in India
Kolkata provides banking, insurance, port for exports

🍬 Sugar Industry

India = 2nd world producer of sugar; 1st in gur & khandsari
60% mills: UP & Bihar
Seasonal industry → suited to cooperative sector
Trend shifting to Maharashtra (higher sucrose, longer crushing season)

⚙️ Iron & Steel

Basic/heavy industry — backbone of all other industries
Raw material ratio: Iron ore : Coking coal : Limestone = 4:2:1
Manganese added to harden steel
Max concentration: Chhotanagpur Plateau
Key plants: Jamshedpur, Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur, Rourkela, Salem

✈️ Aluminium Smelting

2nd most important metallurgical industry
Raw material: Bauxite (4-6 tonnes → 2 t alumina → 1 t aluminium)
Needs: regular electricity & cheap raw material
Needs: 18,600 KWh per tonne
States: Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, UP, Chhattisgarh

🧪 Chemical Industries

Inorganic: sulphuric acid, soda ash, caustic soda, nitric acid
Organic (petrochemicals): synthetic fibre, rubber, plastics, drugs
Industry is its own largest consumer
Organic plants: near oil refineries/petrochemical plants

🌾 Fertilizer Industry

Types: N (nitrogenous/urea), P (phosphatic/DAP), K (potash — fully imported)
Expanded after Green Revolution
Top states: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, UP, Punjab, Kerala (→ 50% output)

🏗️ Cement & Others

Cement: raw materials — limestone, silica, gypsum. 1st plant: Chennai, 1904
Automobile: Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai (post-liberalisation growth)
IT/Electronics: Bengaluru = electronic capital. Also Noida, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai

Steel Manufacturing Process (Fig. 6.2):

Raw material transport

→

Blast Furnace (ore melted, slag removed)

→

Pig Iron (poured into moulds)

→

Steel Making (purified + Mn/Ni/Cr added)

→

Shaping (rolling, pressing, casting, forging)

🌿 Industrial Pollution & Environmental Degradation

💨

Air Pollution

Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, dust, smoke from factories, brick kilns, refineries. Affects health, animals, plants.

💧

Water Pollution

Dyes, acids, heavy metals (lead, mercury), fertilisers discharged by paper, textile, tannery, refinery industries.

🌍

Land/Soil Pollution

Fly ash, phospho-gypsum, iron & steel slags. Dumped waste renders soil useless; pollutants percolate to groundwater.

🔊

Noise Pollution

Industrial machinery, generators, electric drills cause irritation, hearing loss, high blood pressure.

Treatment of Industrial Effluents (3 Phases):

Primary
Mechanical
(screening, grinding, sedimentation)

→

Secondary
Biological
process

→

Tertiary
Bio + Chemical + Physical
(wastewater recycling)

Reduce & Reuse Water Rainwater Harvesting Cool hot water before discharge Electrostatic Precipitators for smoke Silencers on generators Green belts Use oil/gas instead of coal

NTPC has ISO 14001 (EMS certification) and is a model for sustainable power generation with ash pond management, green belts, and online database management.

✅ Exercise Answers

Q1. Multiple Choice Questions

Q1(i)

Which industry uses bauxite as a raw material?

✔ (a) Aluminium Smelting — Bauxite is the primary raw material for aluminium production.

Q1(ii)

Which industry manufactures telephones, computers, etc.?

✔ (d) Information Technology / (b) Electronic — The electronics/IT industry produces phones, computers, TVs, radars, etc.

Q2. Short Answer Questions (≤30 words)

Q2(i)

What is manufacturing?

Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials into more valuable finished products. Example: iron ore → steel, sugarcane → sugar.

Q2(ii)

What are basic industries? Give an example.

Basic (key) industries supply products as raw materials to other industries. Example: Iron and steel industry — it supplies steel to engineering, construction, automobile industries.

Q3. Long Answer Questions (≤120 words)

Q3(i)

How do industries pollute the environment?

Industries cause four types of pollution:

Air: Factories, kilns, and refineries emit sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, dust, and smoke, harming health and atmosphere.

Water: Paper, textile, tannery, and refinery industries discharge dyes, acids, heavy metals (lead, mercury) into rivers, making water unfit.

Land: Fly ash, iron slags, packaging waste, and chemicals dumped on soil make it infertile; pollutants seep into groundwater.

Noise: Machinery, generators, and drills create noise causing irritation, hearing loss, and high blood pressure. Nuclear plants also cause radiation-related diseases.

Q3(ii)

Discuss steps to minimise environmental degradation by industry.

Water: Reuse and recycle water; harvest rainwater; treat effluents in three stages (primary/mechanical → secondary/biological → tertiary/recycling) before release.

Air: Fit factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, and scrubbers; use oil/gas instead of coal.

Noise: Fit generators with silencers; use noise-absorbing materials and earplugs.

General: Use latest technology to minimise waste; create green belts; regulate groundwater extraction legally; promote ash utilisation. NTPC's ISO 14001 model is a good example.

In-Chapter Questions Answered

Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi?

Gandhi promoted khadi to make India self-reliant, provide employment to millions of poor weavers in villages (cottage industry), reduce dependence on British mill-made cloth, and promote economic independence during the freedom struggle.

Why is India the largest producer of raw jute but 2nd exporter?

After Partition (1947), three-fourths of jute-growing areas went to Bangladesh (then East Pakistan). So Bangladesh now produces and exports more jute, making India only the 2nd exporter despite having more mills.

Why is the sugar industry seasonal and suited to the cooperative sector?

Sugarcane must be crushed soon after harvesting (sucrose content drops). Since the crop is seasonal, mills cannot operate year-round. Cooperatives pool farmer resources, share profits/losses, and can manage seasonal operations efficiently.

Activity – Classify into Heavy/Light industries:

Heavy: Oil, Shipbuilding, Automobiles
Light: Knitting needles, Brassware, Fuse wires, Watches, Sewing Machines, Electric Bulbs, Paint brushes

Word Puzzle Activity Answers

1. AGRO-BASED
2. SUGARCANE
3. JUTE (Golden Fibre)
4. IRON STEEL
5. BHILAI (in Chhattisgarh)
6. VARANASI (railway diesel engines, UP)

📝 Practice Worksheet

Name: __________________________ Class: _______ Date: _________

✏️ Part A – Fill in the Blanks

1. Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing

into more valuable products.

2. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of

3. The first successful cotton textile mill was established in in the year .

4. India is the producer of raw jute and jute goods.

5. The first jute mill was set up at near Kolkata in 1855.

6. Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of .

7. Aluminium smelting is the most important metallurgical industry in India.

8. Potash (K) used in fertilizers is entirely by India.

9. The electronic capital of India is .

10. NTPC holds ISO certification for Environment Management System.

🔗 Part B – Match the Columns

SAIL
Jute — 'Golden Fibre'
Bauxite
Chhotanagpur Plateau
Cooperative sector example
1st cement plant

i. Sugar industry, Maharashtra
ii. Raw material for aluminium
iii. Max iron & steel concentration
iv. Chennai, 1904
v. Public sector steel company
vi. Agro-based industry

💭 Part C – Short Answer (2–3 sentences)

1. Why is the Chhotanagpur plateau region ideal for iron and steel industries?

2. Why did sugar mills shift from UP to Maharashtra?

3. What is thermal pollution? How does it affect aquatic life?

4. Name two inorganic and two organic chemicals produced in India.

🗺️ Part D – Map Work

On an outline map of India, mark and label any five of the following:

Jamshedpur (Iron & Steel Plant)
Bhilai (Iron & Steel Plant)
Ahmedabad (Cotton Textile)
Hugli Basin (Jute Mills)
Bengaluru (IT/Electronics)
Rishra (1st Jute Mill)

[Paste/Draw outline map of India here]

🔁 Part E – True or False

1. India is the largest producer and largest exporter of raw jute.

2. Potash used in fertilizers is produced domestically in India.

3. TISCO is a public sector industry.

4. Spinning in India is world-class but weaving supplies low quality fabric.

5. The first cement plant was set up in Mumbai in 1904.

⚡ Quick Recall – Key Facts

1st cotton mill → Mumbai 1854 1st jute mill → Rishra 1855 1st cement plant → Chennai 1904 Sugar: India = 2nd world producer Jute: India = largest producer Iron:Coal:Lime = 4:2:1 IT capital → Bengaluru Jute mills → West Bengal / Hugli NTPC → ISO 14001 Aluminium: 2nd metallurgical industry Potash → fully imported Small scale max invest → ₹1 crore